Do you have a busy child who is always running around, struggles to fall asleep before 10 at night, shouts out answers in the class, has difficulty concentrating and sitting still? Your child may be suffering from ADHD or ADD. But what is ADHD/ADD? Does my child need medication? Is the medication dangerous? Medical professionals use the DSM criteria to diagnose Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Attention deficit disorder (ADD). The following signs and symptoms were taken from Kaplan and Saddock (IV edition): Either (1) or (2): (1)        Inattention: Six (or more) of the following symptoms of inattention have persisted for at least six months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level: (a) Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, work, or other activities (b) Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities (c)  Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly (d)  Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores or duties in the workplace (not due to oppositional behaviour or failure to understand instructions) (e)  Often has difficulties organizing tasks and activities (f)    Often avoids, dislikes or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort (such as schoolwork or homework) (g)  Often loses things necessary for tasks or activities (e.g. school assignments, pencils, books or tools) (h)  Is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli (i)    Is often forgetful in daily activities (2)       Hyperactivity-impulsivity: Six (or more) of the following symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity have persisted for at least six months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level: Hyperactivity (a)  Often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat (b)  Often leaves seat in classroom or in other situations in which remaining seated is expected (c)  Often runs about or climbs excessively in situations in which it is inappropriate (in adolescents or adults, may be limited to subjective feeling of restlessness) (d)  Often has difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly (e)  Is often ‘on the go’ or often acts as if ‘driven by a motor’ (f)    Often talks excessively Impulsivity (g)  Often blurts out answers to questions before the questions have been completed (h)  Often has difficulty awaiting turn (i)    Often interrupts or intrudes on others (e.g. butts into conversations or games) Some hyperactive-impulsive or inattentive symptoms that caused impairment were present before age 7 years. Some impairment from the symptoms is present in two or more settings (e.g. at school, work and at home) There must be clear evidence of clinically significant impairment in social, academic or occupational functioning. The symptoms do not occur exclusively during the course of a pervasive developmental disorder, schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder, and are not better accounted for by another mental disorder. Your child may only have Attention Deficit Disorder; this is all the above symptoms except the hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms. So what should I do if I think my child may be suffering form ADD/ADHD? Take your child to an occupational therapist to determine the possibility of ADD/ADHD and the effect it has had on development and skills. If the therapist suspects that your child is suffering from ADD/ADHD you will be referred to a paediatric neurologist for an evaluation. It is important not to take your child to a GP for medication as a specialist needs to be consulted as medication for ADD/ADHD is schedule 5/6 and works on the neurological system. Your child’s neurological system is still developing and damage can occur if the dosage of the medication is too high. Is medication always necessary? Sometimes medication is necessary – this will help your child to focus her attention; this will improve her concentration and thus learning can take place. Usually children with ADD or ADHD cannot concentrate for sufficient periods in class and thus they lose learning-time – that is why some children with ADD or ADHD fail their grade or fall behind in class. It will not help to hit/punish your child if they suffer from ADD or ADHD because although they try their best to sit still/work/pay attention, they are incapable of doing so – that is why medication is sometimes a blessing for both the child and the parents. It is sometimes difficult for parents to admit that their child needs medication but this is an issue that the parents need to deal with – don’t take valuable learning-time away from your child by not taking him/her to see a trusted paediatric neurologist. Usually the neurologist will start on a minimum prescription of Ritalin (for attention) and Risperdal for hyperactivity/restlessness. These medications will vary according to the age of the child and the severity of symptoms. Remember that it will take some time for your child’s body to adapt to the medication – don’t give up too soon. If unacceptable side-effects persist for more than 2 – 6 weeks, please talk to your doctor. Remember that not all medications work for all children and that the doctor may have to try a variety of medication until he/she finds the combination of medication that works for your child. Helpful hints Children with ADD or ADHD need a structured/disciplined environment to function optimally. Using the same handling approach at school, therapy and at home gives the child clear guidelines of what is expected of him/her. The golden rule to follow with a child with ADHD is a low GI diet. Find out if your child is allergic to any food e.g. dairy products, yellow food (corn, squash), junk food, fruit juice, sugar, chocolate, NutraSweet/Canderal/etc., processed meat, MSG’s, fried food, food colouring or fish as this may cause temper outbursts! Avoid processed foods. These contain additives and preservatives e.g. certain cheeses, certain cold meats Avoid junk food/take-aways Avoid sodas/fizzy drinks Avoid candy Avoid cookies No energy drinks e.g. Play/Red Bull Avoid fried foods E.g. chips, crisps, KFC Avoid additives and preservatives. Fruit juice should be diluted and not given